The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 919 Words

A story that really stood out to me was â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson. This short story is really different from any story that I have read and it is very unique. â€Å"The Lottery† is about a small town that follows a strong tradition called the lottery. The lottery is when the whole town gets together and they all put their family name in a black box, then every family has to choose one from the box. Whoever pulls out a black dot gets stoned by everyone in the whole town. The theme to this story is that just because it is a tradition, doesn’t mean it’s good and you should keep it. I view this novel as a good, enjoyable, and educational story. I really loved this short story and recommend it to anyone who enjoys old and historical tales. A lot of things stood out to me about â€Å"The Lottery.† This story is very different and very powerful, the message to this story is also very important. I think that Jackson is trying to get a strong poi nt across to the audience, which as a reader I enjoy finding the meaning to a story. The main characters of this story all have very important roles to this story and I feel like I know them when I read the story which really helps me connect. The writing style of this story made it easy to read and understand. Jackson wrote this story in a way that is easy and clean to read. The major point to this story is that you cannot always keep doing it just because it’s a tradition. Not all traditions are good and safe. The lottery has been a strongShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affilia ted with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Henry David Thoreau The Philosophy Of Transcendentalism

The philosophy of Transcendentalism, according to the article â€Å"Transcendentalism, An American Philosophy† is believed to have been created and led by Ralph Waldo Emerson, which is why he is considered by many literary scholars and historians to be the father of Transcendentalism. Throughout the years, this philosophy attracted other artists and thinkers such as the American Romantic novelist Henry David Thoreau. These prominent and poetic individuals created an insight for this movement, believing in the true and significant values of individualism, minimalism, and spirituality in their lives. These specific aspects can be found in Thoreau’s most famous work, and Transcendentalist staple, Walden. This novel was a reminiscence of his life†¦show more content†¦It is the tranquility of nature that gives way to solitude playing a role in Transcendentalism and how figures of the movement deemed it important for individuals to be aware of who they are and what t heir place is in the world. The idea of serene solitude within the intensity of society was crucial for many Transcendentalists as it helped to find themselves which makes the idea especially valuable. In today’s world, it is safe to say that people are always busy, moving from task to task, going to work and back home, only to wake up the next day and do it all again. The idea of total solitude within a frenetic, yet monotonous lifestyle fully exists, but for many, solitude cannot be a luxury for them to acquire. Along with still existing in modern society, solitude is a value and a virtue that is taken for granted by many. Seclusion from the ills and pains of modern society may or may not be an advantage for the individual, but it is up to them to make that discovery. In Walden, Thoreau mentions that he found it â€Å"wholesome to be alone† and â€Å"to be around company soon became wearisome and dissipating†. It is clear that, for him, he did not see the joy of constantly being in the company of other people. He did not see his solitude as being unsociable or reclusive; however, he did see it as inspiration for his writings. Delving into his perspective, it is as if he believes that thisShow MoreRelatedEarly American Transcendentalism1204 Words   |  5 PagesEarly American transcendentalism has one of the greatest influences towards American society because it is not only a philosophy, but also a religion and physical progression. During the early nineteenth century, Ralph Emerson, Henry Thoreau, and other radical individuals challenged the present day theories of values, ethics, and what it means to live life to the fullest (Timko). If early American transcendentalists were living among civilians today, would present day civilians think the earlierRead MoreEssay on Transcendentalism1619 Words   |  7 Pages Transcendentalism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many people have theories and philosophies about life in general. There have been hundreds of thousands of books published by many different people on the ideas of people in the past and the present. Transcendentalism falls in amongst all of these ideas. There have been articles, essays, poems, and even books written about this subject. Transcendentalism has effected many people since the philosophy was first introduced. The idea was complex andRead MoreHenry David Thoreau : A Transcendentalist1438 Words   |  6 PagesHenry David Thoreau: A Transcendentalist Religion and politics are perhaps the most important topics of discussion, and paradoxically, the ones least discussed. Our differences cause us to shy away from such depth in our conversations with others and it is a remarkable human being who can share her opinion honestly on the subjects, and even more so, transcend the current popular opinions of the time. Henry David Thoreau was a man such as this. He spoke out against an unjust society and challengedRead MoreTranscendentalism, An American Philosophy1640 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican philosophers during the early to mid-1800s embraced a new liberal movement known as transcendentalism that posed a silent threat to the current social and political institutions of the time period. Henry David Thoreau acted as the father of this new philosophy that would go on to transform the social structure of America into what it is and is still becoming today. Transcendentalism is an American philosophy that humankind has an innate sense of being and knowledge of the world around them thatRead More Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism730 Words   |  3 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a movement in writing that took place in the mid-nineteenth century. It formed in the early to mid nineteenth century and reached it climax around 1850 during an era commonly referred to as the American Renaissance, America’s Golden Day, or the Flowering of New England. The basic tenets of Transcendentalism involve the relationships between one’s self and the world at large. First, the searchRead MoreTranscendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesHenry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau grew up in poverty; his dad was unsuccessful and had trouble maintaining a steady job. Thoreau followed in his father’s footsteps, ultimately bouncing from job to job, scorned by society for his unconventional way of living and lack of income (Henry David Thoreau, Discovering Biography). Thoreau began to write with the guidance of Ralph Waldo Emerson who became one of the most important influences in his life. LivingRead MoreThe Views Of Nature Expressed By Emerson And Thoreau848 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyze the views of nature expressed by Emerson and Thoreau in this week’s readings. Then compare and contrast them to one another. You might also want to apply these themes of natur e overall thought of the Transcendentalists as a genre or discipline. Transcendentalism reports an easy idea that people fairly and evenly have ability about themselves, what’s around them and that goes above, â€Å"transcends† what people can do beyond their five senses. There are people that believe in themselves to endureRead MoreTranscendentalism And Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau807 Words   |  4 Pages but none quite like that of Transcendentalism. This movement embodies the idea that spiritual growth can be achieved through personal journey instead of conflicting with organized religion. By the time of the movement’s onset, newly gained religious freedom in the United States allowed for new ideas and beliefs to prosper freely. At the heart of this movement was Transcendentalism philosophy famous ambassadors, Ralph Waldo Emerson and apprentice Henry David Thoreau. These men believed nature isRead MoreWalden and Transcendentalism Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesWALDEN AND TRANSCENDENTALISM Henry Thoreau’s masterpiece, Walden or a Life in the Woods, shows the impact transcendentalism had on Thoreau’s worldview. Transcendentalism is a philosophy that asserts the primacy of the spiritual over the material. Transcendentalism puts the emphasis on spiritual growth and understanding as opposed to worldly pleasures. Thoreau’s idea of transcendentalism stressed the importance of nature and being close to nature. He believed that nature was a metaphorRead MoreThe Philosophy of Transcendentalism Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pages Transcendentalism was a philosophy that became influential during the 1800s. It was based on the belief that knowledge is not limited to and solely derived from experience and observation but from the truths seem through reason. In the United Sates, transcendentalism became both a philosophy and a literary, religious, and social movement. Emphasis was placed mainly on oneness with nature and God while making the possibility of so cial change a reality. Ralph Waldo Emerson was the leading American

North Coast Town Free Essays

North coast town- related to the journey – coffs harbor ‘’tropicana -familiar to him -speaks from a outsiders view -presents from a objective point of view hes very critical about it – town is like a microcosm (small piece of something that can be placed anywhere) -it was a drifting sort of life -go with the flow -age of innocence -sleeping on beach was common -gray has managed to describe the life of a hippie/hitchhiker -hitchhiker was a man! – north coast summer -washed himself at tap -always mud near a tap puts hand in pocket finds sand this adds reality for the poem -as he looks around he notices hamburger stand but without money it doent make much difference -he only has a floury apple to eat -sand crawled on the footparth when he was waiting for his lift – cars are busy going somewhere -lack compassion -no luck of getting a lift -hoods going shooting -plastic pennants are everywhere, totally artificial and suggest high pressure selling b y city petrol station -the rsl like a fancy dress inca a imagery less successful -there making calafornia the car passes nieve and slighlty rediculas buildings that reflect early attempts to attract the tourist dollar -as they drive outta town they pass bulldozed acres proberly the site of a new plaza.This is another sign of invasion by city methods and city values all important parts of a journey -aboriginals live on outside of the town – although the poet seems to be mainly concerned with the outside appearance of this town the last line suggests that he is ahead of his time in being aware of aboriginals as fellow human beings. the poet also leaves us with the significant fact that the aboriginal is not attempting to hitch 1. We will write a custom essay sample on North Coast Town or any similar topic only for you Order Now The usual significance of daybreak in literature is the beginning of a new day a clean fresh start ‘’ first thing is the morning’’ it’s the opening of the poem 2. we get the poets perspective , the hitchhiker. Its important because hes only passing though on his journey to get somewhere. 3. the shell garage represents his experience with industrialization shells are also represented on the rsl walls, water refers to the tap and a brief wash. He was doing his early morning abolitions.Also refers to the mud. This is not the expected experiences of the hitchhiker because everything was closed. HOMEWORK QUESTION 4,5,6 !!!!! 4. The message of the lines† palm fronds scrape dryly† and â€Å"pass an abo, not attempting to hitch ,outside town† means †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5. gray makes the poem real to us by saying stuff that makes us create pictures in our heads of were he is like in the opening line out beside the highway, first thing in the morning nothing in my pockets but sand makes us automatically imagine a highway next to a beach.And when he says two hoods going shooting, tattoos and greasy fifties pompadours rev in high street creates a image in our head of rebels breaking rules 6. Overall this poem negative judgement of north coast towns. -mens is locked -vandals lavatory -palm fronds scrape here dryly -two hoods – shooting tattoos and greasy fiftys pompadours -drop their first can – plastic pennants -distilled morning – How to cite North Coast Town, Papers

Company Law No Conflict Rule

Question: Discuss about theCompany Lawfor No Conflict Rule. Answer: No conflict rule states that the fiduciary must not bring his or her interest into conflict with the interests of the client (Bowen, 2010). The universal application of the rule is that no one, having responsibilities to discharge, shall be allowed to participate in an engagement in which he has a personal interest conflicting the interests of those he is supposed to protect. About this law, it is evident that Barry Badler did not violate no conflict rule. It is because he supported the bid by the Medicall Lodges without having knowledge that his wife had invested in it. Therefore, he did not break any rule by recommending Medicall Lodge, which in this case worn the tender. On the other, his actions in October show that he breached "no conflict" rule. It is so because he had personal interest by putting pressure on the company to appoint his wife to be one of the board directors. The law states that a fiduciary must not be in a position where his interests may come into conflict with the benefit of his principle (Criddle, 2017). But it is clear that Barry Badler is putting pressure on his colleagues to support his family member, in this case, his wife. His reason may be that if his wife becomes one of the board directors, she might favor his interests. On the other hand, he is the director of MediCall lodges, and the law says that a director as a fiduciary of the company must not to enter into engagement in which he has self-interest which conflicts the interest of the company and does not acquire interest for himself using doing company's business. The consequence of the breach is that the fiduciary must account for the gain made by him by such breach. References Bowen, A. (2010). Directors Duties of No Conflict and No Profit Re Allied Business and Financial Consultants Ltd [2009] 2 B .C .L .C . 666, (105), 1-4. Retrieved from https://www.terrafirmachambers.com/articles/DirectorsDutiesofNoConflictandNoProfit.pdf Criddle, E. J. (2017). Liberty in Loyalty: A Republican Theory of Fiduciary Law. Texas Law Review, 95(5), 993-1060.

California Condor Essays - Cathartidae, New World Vultures

California Condor The natural environment of the modern world has been under siege for the better part of the past century. This has been due to many factors. The waste produced by an ever-expanding human population has tainted much of the natural resources available to both humans and animals alike. Efforts to curb this waste output and to more effectively dispose of the waste have failed in the mainstream. The constant change of the common environment instituted by humans who have collectively sought to modify their own habitat has exacted a high toll on the available habitat for lesser creatures. Constant waste production, poor disposal, and habitat encroachment have combined to render the balance of the natural world asunder. "The delicate and intricate balance of the natural world has been damaged by a dominant species that has commonly disregarded its inherent responsibility to garnish its actions concurrent with the world it shares with the rest of nature" (Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species. p3). An all too common result of this imbalance is the expiration of entire species of animals that are dependent on precious resources. Historically, the presence of humans McNulty 2 has exponentially accelerated the natural rate at which fringe species have met with extinction. Modern humans have followed their own ancient precedent in this regard. "Recorded evidence of early human settlement has shown that human presence alone had accelerated extinction rates to several times its natural rate" (Center for the Reproduction of Endangered Species. p4). However, it is a different precedent that modern humans have sought with the advent of a new and more complete awareness of our collective role as the dominant species. Several recent advances in waste treatment are offering alternatives to the usual high-output, wasteful societal paradigm. Although habitat encroachment continues to be a source of great conflict between the human population and the animal world, the human race has begun in earnest to attempt restoration of some species that have fallen casualty to pollution, encroachment, or both. Although success has been limited, these restorative efforts represent a reckoning on the behalf of humans with their place in the natural order. One of the most successful of these programs concerns the California Condor. This magnificent species had all but disappeared from its natural range due to the human presence. With the recently recorded demise of the California Condor's natural population came the effort to repopulate selected areas of habitat with captively breed condors. McNulty 3 THE STUDY OF THE CALIFORNIA CONDOR The California Condor is a remarkable species of scavenging birds indigenous primarily to California. Early studies showed populations of condors ranging from the rocky coastal areas to the interior mountains. In the early 1900s, sightings of these majestic birds, although reclusive in nature, were commonplace. Early in the 1900s, serious scientific studies began on the California Condors. There were many successful studies in the wild, and there was increasing interest from the scientific community. In 1939, the naturalist Carl Koford first began a careful scientific study of these condors in the wild. Carefully documented field studies yielded a wealth of information about a species in the American West that had previously eluded the scientific eye. One development resulting from the study of Carl Koford was the establishment of the exact nature of the diet of these birds. Although known to be primarily scavengers, it was learned just how well adapted these birds are at finding and discriminating suitable prey. It was learned that the primary feeding times were during daylight hours, with most activity centering near noon. They were observed feeding on carcasses in all states of decay, and even competing with other more aggressive species for rights to a kill. Their bills are exquisitely adapted to tearing animal flesh, and their digestive systems are specially suited to digesting rotting flesh. Condors were not known to have attacked live prey, and the diet of condors was found to have been an assortment McNulty 4 of carcasses found throughout the feeding range. "Condors were found to have spent an average of fifteen hours a day at the roosting site, and even more hours on days of inclement weather" (Grossman. p38). These studies also produced the first scientific measure of the social structure of these birds. Their population had come under suspicion during this time, and the population count during this time seemed to prove their decline. The territories of these birds were found to be wide stretching, often including several hundred miles. The ability of these birds to roam these territories in search of food was found to be

Article Summary Essays

Article Summary Essays Article Summary Essay Article Summary Essay The article â€Å"Marketing: A ‘Little House’ Makeover† by Karen Springen discusses 75th anniversary of ‘Little House’ books. She assumes that books shouldn’t be judged by their cover only. Karen admits that this month the photos of models were used on the cover pages instead of Garth Williams’ illustrations. The executive editor of publishing house says that those illustrations are out-of-date and they â€Å"wanted to convey the fact that these are action-packed†. Therefore, the article discusses changes to be introduced in cover art. It is noted that nowadays the publishers are willing to alter cover art, because children are more interested in video and computer games. It is suggested that kids grasp faster cover pages with, for example, Dakota Fanning rather than with a girl with a pig. The author provides different opinions toward the idea to alter cover art. Children aren’t really attracted by pictures and illustrations which were loved by their fathers and mother. For contemporary children such illustrations appear â€Å"musty and dusty†. The author asserts that children prefer to read book when the main heroes are pictured on the cover page. Real people are better suited for today’s children than drawings. Many drawings are re-illustrated and artists are trying to make them as contemporary as it is possible to meet the demands and desires of contemporary audience. Nevertheless, the factor of nostalgia is present and drawing remain to show parents their past and to make them share books with their families. Article Summary Essays Article Summary Essay Article Summary Essay Article Summary Name of Article: What Are The Benefits of Aromatherapy Source of Article: http://whydir.com/articledetail.phpartid=95088catid=75 Date of Article: March 08, 2008 Summary: In this article it speaks about aromatherapy. According to this article, the key in order to understand what aromatherapy is lies in the use of aromatic oils and liquids. Also, others define aromatherapy as a form of alternative medicine that made use of volatile liquids called the essential oils and may also include the use of other aromatic materials with the objective of influencing the mood of one person or the patient. When saying that it makes you wonder how can oil and liquids are any form of therapy. Well according to the article, a French chemist by the name of Rene-Maurice Gattefosse was the one who came up with the term aromatherapy. After being burned on his arm in a laboratory and some way his arm was thrust near the lavender oil. Gattefosse observed a relief and the burn healed swiftly with less marks and with the smallest amount of pain just by him trusting his arms on some lavender oil. This development directed Gattefosse to work on essential oils as an alternative to known medicines. This article also speaks about patients who have claustrophobic. Now, you may wonder what the use of aromatic oils and liquids could have to do with people who fear being closed in. Well based on the researches as the Sloan-Kettering, aromatherapy reduces the attacks on claustrophobic patients that undergo MRI scans. And then it could be that they feel so relax that all the fear just goes away. To conclude, when reading this article the thought whatâ„ ¢s the point of using aromatherapy. I thought itâ„ ¢s not anything but aromatic oils and liquids being used on a patient for relaxation from a fear and whatever else its used for. But one thing I have truly learn from this article is that the effect and the benefits of aromatherapy on one person is not due to the chemicals that are found to be interacting with the persons senses, rather the oil contains the refinement of the life force of the plant that can help balance the energies of the body and at the same time promote healing.

Presentation,Practice and Production approach to language teaching Dissertation

Presentation,Practice and Production approach to language teaching between the critiques and the proposed alternative methods - Dissertation Example Cook (2011) maintained that the term foreign language refers to â€Å"a language acquired in a milieu where it is normally in use† (p. 140). Meanwhile, a second language may be defined as â€Å"one that becomes another tool of communication alongside the first language †¦ [and] is typically acquired in a social environment in which it is actually spoken† (Cook, 2011, p. 140). The aforementioned distinction, therefore, is grounded on two dimensions: social and location. The social dimension deals with meeting the communicative need of the learner whereas the location dimension has something to do with the usage of the language in the native locale of the learner (Cook, 2011). Richards and Rodgers (2001) emphasized that current issues in language teaching has been around for centuries and has remained unchanged. Throughout the centuries, the study of foreign languages has shifted importance from one language to the next. In a world where six out of ten individuals sp eak a language which is different from their mother tongue, speaking two or more languages has become the norm rather than an exception. Five hundred years ago, Latin was the prominent language used for education, commerce, religion, and government, particularly in the Western World. During the 16th century, other languages rose to prominence such as French, Italian, and English. These languages eventually supplanted Latin as the language of choice for verbal and written communication (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Though Latin was relegated as a subject of study in schools, it has become a model for instruction for foreign languages. Instruction was composed of grammar rules, declensions and conjugations, translation, and writing sample sentences. In addition, parallel bilingual texts and dialogues are utilized in teaching. For modern languages, the mode of instruction remained the same in most aspects. Students are provided textbooks on abstract grammar rules, vocabulary lists, and sentences for translation. However, this approach was grounded on the grammatical system of the language, limiting its ability to facilitate genuine communication. This traditional approach to foreign language instruction was referred to as the grammar-translation method (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). In the United States, the grammar-translation method was known as the Prussian method, due to its German scholarly origins. This method has seven characteristics: (1) the goal of foreign language study is grounded on mental discipline and intellectual development; (2) reading and writing is prioritized over speaking or listening; (3) vocabulary instruction is confined to reading bilingual word lists, dictionary study, and memorization; (4) the sentence is the basic unit of teaching and practice; (5) accuracy is prioritized; (6) grammar instruction is deductive in nature; and (7) the speakers native language is utilized as the medium of instruction (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). The gram mar-translation method was widely used for European and foreign language instruction until the 1940s. However, it has been subject to much criticism, mainly on the grounds that its approach to teaching foreign languages mostly involved pointless memorization of vague grammar rules and vocabulary, and translation of stilted or literary prose, much to the frustration of countless students. Mounting opposition to this approach led to the development of new methods of